EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY – I

The exercises included in this manual cover a range of fundamental techniques such as chemical identification tests, determination of stomatal and vein-islet numbers, measurement of anatomical features using a micrometer, and evaluation of pharmacognostic constants such as ash value, extractive value, and moisture content. Additional experiments include the Lycopodium spore method, and assessments of swelling and foaming indices, which are crucial for standardization and quality assurance in herbal drug formulations. Each experiment has been structured to encourage independent learning and critical thinking, while adhering to academic rigor and standard protocols. The manual also emphasizes the significance of accuracy, observation, and documentation, which are essential skills for any aspiring pharmaceutical professional. It is our hope that this manual serves not only as a practical guide, but also as a stepping stone for students to further explore the vast and evolving discipline of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.